U.S. Weighs New Penalty To Curb Oil From Russia 美斟酌新罰則 遏制俄羅斯賣油營收

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2024/09/06 第501期 訂閱/退訂∣看歷史報份

紐時周報精選 U.S. Weighs New Penalty To Curb Oil From Russia 美斟酌新罰則 遏制俄羅斯賣油營收 Burns From Scorching-Hot Sidewalks and Roads Are Rising, and Can Be Fatal 高溫路面燒傷增 嚴重恐奪命

U.S. Weighs New Penalty To Curb Oil From Russia 美斟酌新罰則 遏制俄羅斯賣油營收 文/Jim Tankersley and Alan Rapp 譯/周辰陽 美斟酌新罰則 遏制俄羅斯賣油營收 Officials in President Joe Biden's Treasury Department have proposed new actions aimed at crippling a fleet of aging oil tankers that are helping deliver Russian oil to buyers around the world in defiance of Western sanctions. 拜登總統的財政部官員已提議新的行動，目的在癱瘓一個老舊油輪船隊，這個船隊無視西方制裁，正協助把俄羅斯石油運送給世界各地買主。 Their effort is aimed at punishing Russia but it has stalled amid White House concerns over how it would affect energy prices before the November election. 他們的行動目的是懲罰俄羅斯，但已擱置，因為白宮憂慮此舉將在11月選前影響能源價格。 In an attempt to drain Russia of money needed to continue fighting its war in Ukraine, the United States and its allies have imposed penalties and taken other novel steps to limit how much Moscow earns from selling oil abroad. But Russia has increasingly found ways around those limits, raising pressure on the Biden administration to tighten its enforcement efforts. 為了減少俄羅斯繼續在烏克蘭作戰所需的資金，美國及盟邦已實施懲罰，並採取其他新穎手段，限制莫斯科從海外石油銷售賺得的收入。但俄羅斯逐漸找到途徑繞過這些限制，提高拜登政府加強執法行動的壓力。 Treasury officials want to do that, in part, by targeting a so-called shadow fleet of oil tankers allowing Russia to sell oil above a $60-per-barrel price cap that the United States and its allies imposed in 2022. 財政部官員想要做到這件事，部分藉由鎖定一支所謂的影子油輪船隊，這個船隊容許俄國以高於美國及盟邦在2022年強制實施每桶60美元價格上限銷售石油。 That cap was intended to restrict Moscow's ability to profit from its energy exports while allowing its oil to continue flowing on international markets to prevent a global price shock. But Russia has largely circumvented the cap, allowing it to reap huge profits to fund its war efforts. 這個上限意在限制莫斯科能源出口獲利的能力，同時允許俄國石油繼續在國際市場流動，避免全球價格震盪。但俄羅斯大致規避了上限，以獲利資助戰爭。 While Treasury officials want to knock Russian tankers out of commission, economic advisers inside the White House worry that would risk inflaming oil prices this summer and push up U.S. gasoline prices, which could hurt Biden's reelection campaign. They have not signed off on the proposals, even as current and former Treasury officials present them with analyses suggesting the risks of a major effect on the oil market are low. 儘管財政部官員想讓這些俄國油輪停止營運，白宮內部的經濟顧問卻擔心，這會讓今年夏天的原油價格上漲，推高美國汽油價格，可能危害拜登的連任選戰。雖然現任與前任財政部官員向他們提供分析表明，對原油市場產生重大影響的風險很低，他們還沒批准該提案。 The dispute is a rare public instance of internal administration disagreement over inflation and Ukraine policy. It pits Treasury officials against aides on the White House National Economic Council, which is led by Lael Brainard. 這個爭執，是政府內部在通貨膨脹與烏克蘭政策方面意見不合的罕見公開實例，讓財政部官員跟萊爾．布蘭納德領導的白宮國家經濟委員會幕僚對立。 Brainard declined to speak on the record about the process. White House officials refused to answer direct questions about oil-price concerns and the Treasury proposal. 布蘭納德婉拒公開談論相關過程。白宮官員拒絕回答有關油價顧慮跟財政部提案的直接問題。 Instead, the White House issued a statement from Amos Hochstein, a senior adviser to Biden. 作為替代，白宮發出一份拜登資深顧問霍克斯坦的聲明。 "Our actions to enforce energy sanctions are focused on exacting a price on Russia, Iran and other bad actors while preventing a spike in the price of energy, which would not only hurt American consumers but increase the revenues of the same bad actors we are trying to hold accountable," he said. 他說，「我們執行能源制裁行動，都注重讓俄羅斯、伊朗與其他不良行為者付出代價，同時防止能源價格上漲，這不只會危害美國消費者，還讓我們正努力追究責任的同一批不良行為者收入增加」。 Burns From Scorching-Hot Sidewalks and Roads Are Rising, and Can Be Fatal 高溫路面燒傷增 嚴重恐奪命 文/Adeel Hassan and Isabelle Ta 譯/高詣軒 高溫路面燒傷增 嚴重恐奪命 As climate change pushes summer temperatures ever higher and for longer stretches, and with more Americans moving into rapidly expanding cities in the Southwest, more people are suffering serious burns from contact with hot outdoor surfaces. For some, the burns are so extensive that they prove fatal, according to burn experts. 隨著氣候變遷驅使夏季溫度不斷攀升且籠罩更久，加上更多美國人正遷入迅速擴張的西南部城市，接觸戶外高溫表面而遭受嚴重燒傷的人也在增加。燒傷專家指出，對於有些傷者，其燒傷面積很廣泛，以致造成致命後果。 In 2022, the Arizona Burn Center at Valleywise Health Medical Center in Phoenix, the largest burn center in the Southwest, admitted 85 patients for contact burns over the summer. Last year, as Phoenix sweltered through 31 straight days of temperatures above 38 °C, that number climbed to 136 patients, 14 of whom died. This year, the center has already treated 50 patients, and four of them died. 美國西南部最大燒傷中心、鳳凰城谷智衛生醫療中心的亞利桑那燒傷中心，在2022年夏天期間，收治85名接觸性燒傷患者。去年鳳凰城曾歷經連續31天溫度超過攝氏38度，該項患者人數便爬升到136名，其中14人死亡。今年該中心已收治50名患者，其中4人死亡。 "The people that are dying from these types of burns are not people who just end up with some blistering on their feet," said Clifford C. Sheckter, surgeon and a burn prevention researcher at Stanford University. 外科醫師、史丹福大學燒傷預防研究者薛克特說，「死於這類燒傷的人，並非只是腳上長了幾顆水泡」。 "Your body just literally sits there and cooks," Sheckter added. "When somebody finally finds you, you're already in multisystem organ failure." 「你的身體就真的是坐在那裡燒煮」，薛克特補充說，「別人最後發現你時，你已陷入多重器官衰竭」。 No place records more surface burns than the desert Southwest, with its punishing temperatures and relentless sunlight. 表面燒傷案例最多的地方莫過於地處沙漠的西南部，當地氣溫嚴酷、日曬毒辣。 Phoenix is the nation's fastest-growing city, and the Las Vegas metro area has added more than 300,000 residents in the past decade, according to population estimates. As the cities grow, so does the risk of burns. Asphalt, a common culprit for contact burns, absorbs about 95% of the sun's radiation. 根據人口估計，鳳凰城是美國成長最快的城市，拉斯維加斯都會區過去10年則已增加逾30萬名居民。隨著這些都市成長，燒傷風險也增加。瀝青會吸收95%的太陽輻射，是接觸性燒傷常見禍首。 When the air temperature in Las Vegas reaches 46 °C— as it did seven days in a row last week — the pavement temperature can climb to 71 °C. At that intensity, it takes a few seconds of contact to sustain a second-degree burn, and a few minutes to get a third-degree burn. In the most serious cases, a burn can affect the underlying muscle and even bone. 拉斯維加斯氣溫若達到攝氏46度，而上周一連7天均是如此，路面溫度可能上看攝氏71度。在這種強度下，只要接觸幾秒就足以受到二度燒傷，而幾分鐘就會招致三度燒傷。在最嚴重案例中，燒傷可能侵襲深層的肌肉甚至骨骼。 About 40% of patients require surgery for these injuries, according to the American Burn Association, to remove the damaged tissue and cover the area with a skin graft. Some spend weeks in the hospital recovering. 美國燒傷學會指出，遭受這些傷害的患者約40%需要動手術，以移除損傷組織並用植皮覆蓋該部位。有些人會花上數周在醫院康復。

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